A diachronic survey on “hastīdan” and “būdan” morphology and their applicaton in the Standard written Farsi Language

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Persian Language and Literature Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In Persian language, “būdan” and “hastīdan” are two of the most applied infinitives. Their conjugation is in the present and past systems, in different tenses, moods and aspects. The purpose of this descriptive-qualitative article is to study the morphological evolutions of the mentioned verbs with a diachronic approach from Ancient to Middle and New eras of the Persian language. This study indicated that: 1- According to the pattern [present stem + past stem suffix + infinitive suffix], the infinitive “hastīdan” is more correct than “hastan”. 2- In Middle Persian, the suppletive stems were derived from two different roots; accordingly, the present and past stems had been from two different roots. This characteristic was observed in some Pahlavi verbs including “hastīdan” and “būdan”. 3- According to the Pahlavi texts, the conjugation of the verb “būdan” was observed in the present system, with the stem ‘bav-’. Gradually, the future stem ‘bāš-’ had been replaced with it. As the future system is vanished in the New Persian, using “ʼast” or “hast” is preferred to “mi-bāšad” in the speech and the writing.

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Journal of Linguistics & Iranian Languages

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 30 September 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 22 May 2026
  • Revise Date: 21 September 2026
  • Accept Date: 23 September 2026

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