https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/ Journal of Linguistics & Iranian Languages en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8465.html This paper examines predicate possession in Azerbaijani Turkish. Following an overview of the concept of predicate possession and its cross-linguistic representations, the study identifies and analyzes various types of predicate possessives in Azerbaijani Turkish. The data are drawn from written texts, everyday spoken discourse, online materials, linguistic literature, and grammar references. The analysis is conducted with a functional-typological approach, based on Stassen’s (2009) typological classification. The findings reveal that Azerbaijani Turkish exhibits two major types of predicate possessives: Topical and locational. A third, structurally distinct type is also attested, which is realized through equational (copular) constructions and displays a unique information structure compared to the other two. The topical type includes both a standard form and a non-standard variant, the latter marked by the attachment of a possessive suffix directly to the predicative adjective /var/ و /yox/ ‘existent/non-existent’, rather than to the possessee. This non-standard pattern, prevalent in colloquial varieties of Azerbaijani Turkish spoken in Iran, appears to be influenced by Persian predicate possessives based on the verb dāštan ‘to have’. Both topical and locational types may employ either the adjectival predicate /var/ و /yox/ or the verbal predicate -ol ‘to become’. Altogether, seven structurally distinct types of predicate possessives are identified, differentiated by the encoding of the possessor and possessee, as well as the type of predicate involved. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8637.html The present study aims to analyze morphological-phonological processes in the construction of verbs in Galeshi of Eshkevarat within the framework of rule-based generative phonology. To achieve this goal, one hundred verbs of this dialect were collected through field interviews with native speakers aged 45 to 87 years, transcribed using the IPA, and morphologically analyzed. The focus was on examining phonological alternations in the present and past stems of verbs and their interaction with past tense morphemes as well as inflectional prefixes. The underlying representation of each morpheme was determined based on corpus-internal evidence, and the phonological rules that derive their surface representation were extracted. In cases where more than one rule was involved in the derivation process, the ordering relationships between the rules, namely, feeding, bleeding, counter-feeding, and counter-bleeding interactions, were identified. Data analysis showed that verb stems and inflectional prefixes undergo regular phonological alternations, including deletion, vowel harmony, and consonant insertion in morphological processes. Some alternations in verb stems have their roots in the historical developments of Iranian languages, while others are the result of synchronic interactions and the specific phonetic context observed in this dialect. Using rule-based generative phonology, this research provides a detailed picture of the interaction of morphology and phonology in the construction of verbs in the Galeshi dialect of Eshkevarat. It underscores the importance of corpus-internal evidence and rule interaction in capturing the complexity of verb formation, offering insights that enrich the broader field of Iranian linguistics. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8531.html This study aimed to investigate and compare the degree of conventionality of synonymous metaphorical patterns in written Persian. In the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and using the corpus-based method of Metaphorical Pattern Analysis by Stefanowitsch (2006), seven synonymous Persian words – /por/, /ākande/, /saršār/, /labālab/, /labriz/, /mālāmāl/, and /mamlov/ – all conveying the meaning of “fullness”, were analyzed. Data were extracted from Hamshahri 2 Written Corpus. The conventionality degree of each pattern was calculated based on the relative frequency of its metaphorical versus non-metaphorical uses. Findings revealed that despite sharing a basic meaning, the synonymous words are not identical in their degree of conventionality and exhibit varying levels of entrenchment and productivity within the conceptual system. Accordingly, the order of conventionality from highest to lowest is: /saršār/, /mālāmāl/, /ākande/, /labriz/, /por/, /mamlov/, and /labālab/. These results confirm that a word's overall frequency does not necessarily equate to its degree of metaphorical entrenchment, and that the “relative frequency” of metaphorical use is a better measure for assessing conventionality. This finding supports the notion that even seemingly synonymous patterns display distinct metaphorical behavior, and that conventionality is an independent phenomenon from lexical synonymy. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8537.html This study examines the various phonological representations of the explicit object marker in Kermani dialect using auto-segmental phonology. To this end, the object marker was analyzed in different phonological environments. It is noteworthy that the explicit object marker in Persian and, consequently, in Kermani dialect is a remnant of the strong case system in Old Persian. Kermani is a dialect spoken in the southeastern region of Iran, particularly in the city of Kerman. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Data were collected through purposefully designed sentences, which were asked to be repeated by native speakers. The study's sample was randomly selected from male and female Kermani dialect speakers with various educational backgrounds. The data were collected, transcribed, and analyzed. The results show that in Kermani dialect, the object marker appears in three different phonological forms. Interestingly, these various phonological representations depend solely on the final phoneme of the object and are not influenced by the initial consonant of the word following the object. Finally, the results and phonological processes involved in achieving these results, like consonant epenthesis, vowel deletion and compensatory lengthening were analyzed using auto-segmental phonology. The analysis revealed that auto-segmental phonology effectively accounts for the various phonological representations and phonological processes used in changing the underlying form to surface representations of the object marker in Kermani dialect. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8677.html The present study aims to investigate the structural, semantic, and pragmatic roles of oaths in the Qur’anic discourse, employing a corpus-based approach within the framework of cultural linguistics. Data were extracted by aligning the Arabic text of the Qur’an with the Persian translation of Mohi-ud-Din Mahdi Elahi Qomshei and analyzed using corpus-based methods. The findings indicate that Qur’anic oaths manifest in both explicit and implicit forms and are organized through reference to sacred entities, natural phenomena, specific times, and cosmic concepts. Semantically, these constructions not only affirm the truth of propositions but also reinforce the divine dimension of meaning and highlight ethical and eschatological themes. Pragmatically, four primary functions were identified: denying accusations and self-defense, emphasizing truth, creating commitment to action, and issuing warnings or threats. Interpreted within the framework of cultural linguistics, Qur’anic oaths are shown to embody “cultural-pragmatic schemas,” such that each oathful event, beyond being a linguistic construction, reflects a network of religious beliefs, moral norms, and culturally shaped patterns of meaning-making. This study offers an analytical framework for systematically and multilayeredly explicating the phenomenon of oaths in the Qur’an. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8681.html In this study, Persian lexical blends are examined from a pragmatic perspective. The study aims to explain the creation and interpretation of Persian lexical blends by analyzing them within the relevance-theoretic lexical pragmatic framework. The corpus consists of 53 Persian lexical blends, classified into three main categories: (a) blends derived from lexicographic sources and previous studies, (b) examples extracted from media texts and web pages, and (c) blends resulting from the naming of brands and commercial products. The analysis shows that interpreting lexical blends requires constructing an ad hoc concept through broadening and/or narrowing pragmatic processes. From this perspective, Persian lexical blends may be formed and interpreted in at least three ways: interpretation through a narrowing process, resulting in an ad hoc concept with a narrower denotation than the concepts encoded by the base words; comprehension through a broadening process, resulting in an ad hoc concept with a broader denotation than the concepts encoded by the base words; and interpretation through a combination of broadening and narrowing processes, in which an ad hoc concept with a broader denotation than the base concepts is first constructed through broadening, then further modulated through narrowing to obtain a narrower denotation. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8678.html پژوهش حاضر به بررسی خطاهای صرفی و واژگانی در ترجمه متون ادبی از فارسی به انگلیسی توسط دانشجویان مترجمی زبان انگلیسی می‌پردازد. ترجمه، به‌عنوان فرایندی که شامل انتقال معنا و بازتولید ساختار است، مستلزم درک نظام‌های واژگانی و ساختواژی هر دو زبان مبدأ و مقصد است. در این راستا، مطالعه حاضر با تکیه بر چارچوب نظری نافام (2005) و الگوی تحلیل خطای کوردر (1974)، می‌کوشد تا ضمن شناسایی الگوهای خطا، به تفسیر علل بروز آنها نیز بپردازد. نمونه تحقیق شامل ۷۰ دانشجوی مترجمی است که از طریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. داده‌های پژوهش از ترجمه یک متن ادبی فارسی گردآوری شد که در آن جملات ترجمه‌شده با متن اصلی مقایسه و خطاهای ساختواژی و واژگانی استخراج و طبقه‌بندی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که ۳۸ درصد از خطاها در حوزه اسم و ۶۱ درصد در حوزه فعل رخ داده است که بیانگر چالش‌های دانشجویان در انتقال ساختارهای فعلی زبان فارسی به انگلیسی است. علاوه بر تحلیل خطاها، برای تبیین علل آن‌ها، مصاحبه‌هایی نیمه‌ساختارمند با سه تن از اساتید انجام شد تا دیدگاه‌های آنها درباره عوامل مؤثر بر خطاها گردآوری شود. یافته‌های این مصاحبه‌ها حاکی از آن است که کمبود آگاهی از تمایزات ریزمعنایی، تفاوت‌های نظام تصریف فعل در دو زبان و اتکای بیش از حد به ساختارهای زبان مبدأ از عوامل بروز خطا به شمار می‌روند. در مجموع، نتایج پژوهش حاضر می‌تواند در بهبود طراحی دوره‌های آموزش ترجمه و تدوین راهبردهای آموزشی مؤثر برای ارتقای مهارت‌های ترجمه‌ای مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8686.html This study investigated the effect of rhyme-based phonological priming on auditory word recognition in native Persian speakers and second-language learners of Persian. Phonological priming may facilitate or inhibit lexical processing through phonological overlap between a prime and a target word, and this effect may differ depending on listeners’ language background. To examine this issue, an auditory priming task was designed with three experimental conditions: rhyme, phoneme transposition, and control. The participants were 30 individuals, including 15 native Persian speakers and 15 Arabic-speaking learners of Persian. In each group, 7 participants were male and 8 were female; overall, 53.3% were women and 46.7% were men. The mean age of the Iranian group was 29.33 years (SD=4.50), and the mean age of the Arabic group was 33 years (SD=5.21). The stimuli were recorded by a native Persian speaker, normalized, and presented using PsychoPy software. Prime and target stimuli were delivered auditorily with an interstimulus interval of 2000 milliseconds. The results showed that experimental condition had a significant effect on reaction time in both groups. For native Persian speakers, the rhyme condition significantly reduced reaction time compared with both the control and transposition conditions, while no significant difference was found between the control and transposition conditions. In Persian learners, the rhyme condition also produced the fastest responses and differed significantly from the control condition, although its difference from the transposition condition was only marginally significant. Overall, the findings indicate that rhyme facilitates auditory word recognition. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8689.html Systematic study of the linguistic instruments of persuasion in literary narrative, through the integration of discourse analysis models and traditional rhetoric, provides the basis for a scientific explanation of the role of extratextual factors such as gender in shaping the argumentative structures of the text. The present study, adopting a discourse-analytic approach and drawing on Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscourse markers and Aristotle’s persuasive triangle—logos, ethos, and pathos—examines the mechanisms of persuasion in Persian narrative in four major works of contemporary Iranian literature: Savushun by Simin Daneshvar, Khabe zemestani by Goli Taraghi, Cheshmhayash by Bozorg Alavi, and Az ranji ke mibarim by Jalal Al-e Ahmad. The corpus consists of the online texts of these works, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and the chi-square test to assess gender differences and interactive/interactional patterns. The findings showed that male authors make significantly greater use of interactive markers—transitions, frame markers, evidentials, endophoric markers, and code glosses—which are consistent with logos-oriented persuasion and argumentative organization. By contrast, female authors make significantly greater use of interactional markers, particularly self-mentions, strengthening ethos and emotional connection with the reader, namely pathos. At the level of individual works, Az ranji ke mibarim was the most logos-oriented, Savushun the most ethos-oriented, Khabe zemestani the most pathos-oriented, and Cheshmhayash the most balanced. The results confirm the role of gender while emphasizing personal style and narrative discourse type in shaping persuasion.Therefore, metadiscourse markers, beyond organizing the text, are indicative of the ideological and stylistic choices of authors. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8702.html The present research describes and analyzes the phonotactic arrangement of two-consonant onset clusters in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect, based on Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The statistical population of this descriptive-analytical study consisted of 10 native, low-literate and illiterate speakers, including 4 women and 6 men, aged 60 to 75, residing in villages of the central district of Khash County. Data were collected through interviews with Sarhaddi Balochi speakers and available library resources about this dialect, and after confirmation by native speakers, were transcribed based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. The analysis of optimality tableaux demonstrates that the language-specific constraint "Onset Consonant Cluster," which determines permissible consonant combinations, ranks highest and takes precedence over other faithfulness constraints such as "*AGREE(voice)", "*AGREE (manner)", and "*AGREE(place)", for observing "Sonority Sequencing Principle" (SSP). Consequently, even when permitted two-consonant onset clusters like /mn-/ violate the Sonority Sequencing Principle based on Crystal (2023) and the "Obligatory Contour Principle" according to Trask (1996) in the form of faithfulness constraints mentioned, they are still selected as the optimal structure due to the observance of this high-ranking constraint. Conversely, the constraint "* Complex Onset" is ranked lowest, because onset clusters are permissible in this dialect, and its violation does not affect the selection of the optimal candidate. Also, the findings indicate that the hierarchy of constraints in the syllabic structure of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect is such that the specific structural licenses of this dialect are preferred over universal principles. https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8707.html Lexical chunks are conventionalized multi-word units stored in the minds of native speakers that convey a single, unified meaning. Native speakers frequently use these chunks in both spoken and written language. The present study aims to examine spoken and written Persian lexical chunks from a grammatical-structural perspective and to analyze their role in creating coherence in speech and text. The data for this research included natural telephone conversations, selected scenes from several television series, Persian magazines, short stories, texts from various websites, and formal messages exchanged on social media platforms. These data were transcribed and compiled into two separate corpora: one spoken and one written. Then, two-word, three-word, and four-word lexical chunks were extracted using AntConc software and transferred to Excel for further analysis. The lexical chunks were manually identified by the researcher and analyzed based on Como’s grammatical framework. The quantitative analysis showed structural differences between spoken and written lexical chunks. In spoken two-word chunks, patterns such as noun+verb, adjective+verb, noun+noun, verb+verb, and numeral+noun were more frequent, whereas written two-word chunks followed patterns like preposition+noun, noun+preposition, and pronoun+noun. Three- and four-word spoken lexical chunks often followed the noun+pronoun+noun+verb pattern, while written three-word chunks frequently followed preposition+pronoun+noun and preposition+noun+preposition structures. Written four-word chunks displayed a wider range of grammatical patterns. The qualitative analysis further revealed that these lexical chunks significantly contribute to the coherence and cohesion of both spoken discourse and written texts.