دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 A Cognitive Critical Discourse Analysis of Iran’s Three Presidents toward Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Case Study of the Statements Made in the United Nations General Assembly from 1998 to 2019 تحلیل نقادانه-شناختی گفتمان سه رئیس جمهور ایران دربارة منازعه فلسطین- اسرائیل: مطالعة موردی سخنرانی‌های مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد از 1377تا 1398 1 22 8111 10.22099/jill.2025.51934.1405 FA سمیه شوکتی مقرب بخش زبان‌های خارجی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران علیرضا خرمایی بخش زبان‌های خارجی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران امیرسعید مولودی بخش زبان‌های خارجی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 16 This study is based on Hart's approach (2010) which combines the tools of cognitive linguistics with critical discourse analysis. Accordingly, conceptual metonymy (Radden & Kövecses, 1999) along with the concept of antagonism (Laclau & Mouffe, 2001) is used to answer the question “how cognitive linguistics can be applied in critical discourse analysis and present a micro to macro analysis”. To this end, a corpus made of the Iranian presidents' (Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad & Hassan Rouhani) statements in the United Nations General Assembly from 1998 to 2019 was studied with a focus on Israel-Palestine conflict to discover the nature of each president's discourse toward the conflict, using a three-level analysis. The micro level includes analyzing the metonymic relationships. At the meso level, a discursive interpretation is presented based on those relationships, and the macro one is a critical-cognitive explanation of the antagonistic concepts of the competing discourses. The findings approve the efficiency of such a combination and demonstrate that the three discourses use metonymy to foreground the identity-related dimensions of their common other (Israel) in order to highlight its negative traits. Also the metonymic relationships are used by each of the three discourses to make a cliché of the actions of that other. پژوهش حاضر مبتنی بر رویکرد هارت (2010) است که در آن ابزارهای زبان‌شناسی شناختی با تحلیل گفتمان نقادانه تلفیق شده است. بر این اساس، مجاز مفهومی (ردن و کوچش، 1999) در کنار مفهوم خصومت‌سازی (لاکلا و موف، 2001) قرار می‌گیرد تا به این پرسش پاسخ داده شود که زبان‌شناسی شناختی چگونه می‌تواند به خدمت تحلیل گفتمان نقادانه درآید و تحلیلی خرد به کلان ارائه دهد. بدین منظور، پیکره‌ای متشکل از سخنرانی‌های سه رئیس جمهور ایران (سیدمحمد خاتمی، محمود احمدی‌نژاد و حسن روحانی) در مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد از سال 1377 تا 1398 با تمرکز بر مناقشة فلسطین-اسرائیل واکاوی شد تا با استفاده از یک تحلیل سه‌سطحی ماهیت گفتمان هر یک از رؤسای جمهور ایران در قبال این مناقشه آشکار گردد. در این راستا، سطح خرد تحلیل روابط مجازآفرین را در بر می‌گیرد. در سطح میانه، تفسیری گفتمان‌مدار از این روابط به‌دست داده می‌شود، و در سطح کلان به تبیین نقادانه- شناختی مفاهیم خصومت‌سازانة میان گفتمان‌های رقیب پرداخته می‌شود. یافته‌های این پژوهش کارآمدی چنین تلفیقی را اثبات می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که هر سه گفتمان‌ مجاز را به‌کار می‌گیرند تا ابعاد خاصی از هویت برون‌گروه مشترک‌شان (اسرائیل) را در پیش‌زمینه قرار دهند و به این ترتیب به برجسته‌سازی ویژگی‌های منفی این دگر مشترک بپردازند. به بیان دیگر، در هر سه گفتمان از روابط مجازآفرین استفاده می‌شود تا رفتارهای این دگر مشترک به مثابۀ کلیشه‌های هویتی ثابت این موجودیت به تصویر کشیده شوند.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8111_f7c2e1077836c0a2b0046422ce9bde22.pdf

دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 The study of the reduplication process in the Southern Taleshi dialect (Shandermani) based on optimality theory بررسی فرایند تکرار در گویش تالشی جنوبی (شاندرمنی) بر مبنای نظریه بهینگی 23 36 8167 10.22099/jill.2025.52987.1421 FA ارشاد شعبانی گسکمین جان گروه زبان شناسی ،واحد اردبیل ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، اردبیل، ایران. کریم نظری بقا گروه زبان شناسی ،واحد اردبیل ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، اردبیل، ایران. سید محمد رضی نژاد گروه آموزش زبان خارجی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. Journal Article 2025 04 21 Reduplication is one of the most productive processes and a sub-branch of word formation. This process has been analyzed and explained from different perspectives and theories. One of these theories is the theory of optimality, which seeks to discover the commonalities of various languages and dialects. This study also analyzes and describes the process of reduplication in the Southern Taleshi dialect (Shandermani) within the framework of the theory of optimality. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results of this research show how specific constraints of faithfulness and markedness, with specific hierarchies, are used in explaining the construction of different types of reduplication processes in southern Taleshi. Research Background Shaghaghi and Heydarpour Bidgoli (2011) have described repetition in Persian within the framework of optimality theory. In their opinion, repetition should not be considered a simple process of copying or adding words. Rather, it is necessary to be certain which part of the base is copied and why, and what features in the morphological, phonological, and phonetic structure of languages cause these repeated features. Al-Hayaari and Razinejad (2016) analyze the reduplication process in Kurdish based on optimality theory. Tafaroji Yeganeh and Jahanfar (2017) study the reduplication process in Kalhori Kurdish dialect based on optimality theory. Their findings reveal both complete and incomplete reduplication processes in Kalhori Kurdish dialect. Sheikh Tajan (2017) has described the subject of reduplication in the Taleshi dialect and has shown that various types of reduplication are used in Taleshi. Rahmati Nejad et al. (2019) have studied the incomplete reduplication of prefixes in Persian within the framework of correspondence theory. Sayyad, Imaneh, Zafaranlou, and Kambozia (1400) have investigated the reduplication process in the Shushtari dialect based on the theory of optimality. Based on data analysis, the process of complete addition and non-addition reduplication is visible in the Shushtari dialect. Research Method The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical. Therefore, information and data were recorded and collected in the form of interviews and conversations with natives and elderly people living in the city of Shanderman, and since one of the researchers is a native speaker of the Taleshi language and a resident of the city of Shanderman, the data were appropriately classified and phonetically based on the International Phonetic Alphabet. Results and Discussion In the vocabulary of the Southern Taleshi dialect, complete and incomplete reduplication types are abundant.. In this dialect, there is also evidence of the process of complete additive, non-additive, and also incomplete prefix and suffix reduplication. This process involves exact repetition of the entire word and is divided into additive and non-additive reduplication types. Non-additive reduplication is constructed by repeating the bases. In this process, each of the structures is repeated completely. Data in the Shandarmani dialect show that in such reduplications, the two repeated components and the base part are repeated in the same way. Two faithfuylness constraints, deletion and insertion, as well as the markedness constraint (NOCODA), can be proposed.The deletion constraint states that no element should be deleted between the input and output (MAX I-O) and also between the base and the recurrent component (MAX B-R) to achieve the optimal option. These two constraints are the same in ranking. The DEP insertion constraint is another faithfulness constraint that states that no element should be inserted in the correspondence of the input to the output DEP I-O and the base to the recurrent component DEP B-R. In full-additive repetition, in addition to the full reduplication of the base, a morpheme or grammatical element is attached to this combination in a free or dependent position in the middle or final position. In full-additive middle reduplication, the morpheme or adverb is placed between the base and the repeated component. In these constructions, the right-matching constraint (base-syllable) is violated, which indicates the necessity of matching the right-side margin of the base with the right-side margin of the syllable. In the complete reduplication of the final affix in Southern Talashi, it is placed after the base and the repeated part at the end of the suffixed word. In incomplete reduplication, a part of the base word is repeated in the process of reduplication (Shaghaghi, 2007: 100). The connection of the repeated part to the base can occur in the initial or final positions of the word and can be divided into types of incomplete reduplication of prefix and suffix. In the process of incomplete reduplication of suffix, the repeated part is placed incompletely after the base. Usually, the repeated part is meaningless. The repeated part is placed after the base and the repeated part undergoes a change in the initial consonant, becoming another phoneme, and most often a labial consonant. And sometimes between the base and the repeated component a vowel is placed as a middle, which is used due to the insertion of a middle vowel and the inadmissibility of an initial syllable in this dialect, and in these cases it is inviolable and is placed at the highest level. Incomplete reduplication of the prefix of the repeated component comes incompletely before the base. Conclusion By studying the structure of the word formation of the southern dialect of the Taleshi language, it is clear that in this dialect the process of reduplication exhibits a rich variety of types, which include non-additive complete reduplication and additive complete reduplication, and additive complete reduplication itself includes middle and final complete reduplication. Incomplete reduplication in the southern Taleshi dialect is also divided into types of prefixed and suffixed incomplete reduplication. By analyzing the types of reduplication process in the southern dialect based on the theory of optimality, it was found that in this dialect each type of reduplication applies its own constraints in the construction of words in order to achieve the optimal output, which is the construction accepted by the language. فرایند تکرار یکی از فرایندهای زایا و زیر شاخة واژهسازی است. این فرایند به خاطر زایایی در بیشتر زبانها وجود دارد و از دیدگاهها و نظریههای مختلف تحلیل و تبیین شده است. یکی از این نظریهها، نظریة بهینگی است که به دنبال کشف شباهت‌های زبانها و گویشهای گوناگون است. پژوهش حاضر نیز به تحلیل و توصیف فرایند تکرار در گویش تالشی جنوبی (شاندرمنی) یکی از شاخههای زبان تالشی از حوزه زبانهای شمال غربی ایران در چارچوب نظریه بهینگی میپردازد. در این مطالعه روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است و دادههای زبانی از متون و واژه‌نامه‌های گویش تالشی جنوبی و همچنین گفتگوی روزمره گویشوران تالشی گردآوری شدهاند. در تحلیل از شمّ زبانی یکی از مؤلفین که خود گویشور بومی است، استفاده شده است. تحلیل دادهها گویای آن است که در گویش تالشی جنوبی فرایند تکرار کامل افزوده و ناافزوده قابل مشاهده است. در ادامه محدودیتهای مرتبط با هر کدام از فرایندها شناسایی شده و با توجه به الگوی ساختاری هر یک در تابلوهای بهینگی رتبهبندی شدهاند. یافتههای این تحقیق، کارآمدی نظریۀ بهینگی در تحلیل انواع فرایند تکرار را نشان میدهد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش میتوان پی برد که چگونه در تبیین ساخت انواع متفاوت فرایند تکرار در تالشی جنوبی از محدودیت‌های خاص پایایی و نشانداری، با سلسله مراتب خاص استفاده میشود.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8167_1d45c1293489fa38f0861ee7e45a09a2.pdf

دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 The Effect of Phonological Educational Program on Reading Skill and Phonological Awareness of Hearing Aid Users تأثیر آموزه‌های آوایی- واجی بر مهارت‌های خواندن و آگاهی واج‌شناختی دانش‌آموزان کاربر سمعک 37 53 8181 10.22099/jill.2025.53322.1427 FA طاهره خوشدل دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران محمدامین ناصح دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران Journal Article 2025 05 26 Introduction Reading is not only a fundamental skill for learning, but also an important factor in interacting with the outside world. Hearing loss affects language development, including speaking, reading, and academic achievement. In general, weaknesses in reading skills are evident in many educational failures. The constant lack of auditory stimulation disrupts accurate representations of spoken words, including the development of awareness of the phonological structure of those words. This deficit in phonological processing of written words prevents hearing-impaired individuals from fully acquiring reading and writing. Phonological awareness skills develop less in hearing-impaired children than in normal children, and phonological awareness in hearing-impaired students develops limitedly due to their inability to perceive phonetic distinctions (Saedi-Manesh et al, 2018). Reading depends on phonological processing skills and oral language knowledge. In a longitudinal study to investigate the role of phonological awareness (PA) and morphological awareness (MA) on reading comprehension skills and vocabulary knowledge of hearing-impaired individuals, Chan (2022) studied 28 hearing-impaired Chinese children from the beginning of first grade to the end of second grade. The results of his study showed that both PA and MA significantly affect reading comprehension of hearing-impaired children through their effects on vocabulary knowledge. Materials & Methods A review of past research indicates that so far, phonological instruction and its integration with suprasegmental features have not been provided to strengthen reading skills and phonological awareness in hearing-impaired individuals, and on the other hand, previous educational programs have been implemented in the cochlear implant group. Therefore, the researchers decided to provide basic phonological instruction along with suprasegmental features in the form of an educational program to hearing-impaired students who use hearing aids and to examine its effectiveness in their reading skills and phonological awareness. The research method is experimental and in the form of single-subject designs, using the A-B method, with a one-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the present study included all hearing-impaired students using hearing aids in regular elementary schools in Birjand in the academic year 1401-1402. After examining the entry conditions and obtaining consent from the family, finally four hearing aid users in the second grade were selected as research subjects. The “Nama” reading test (2008) and the “Phonological Awareness” test (Soleimani and Dastjerdi Kazemi, 2010) were the instruments of this study. In this study, the effect size was calculated using the Blanchard and Squares percentage improvement formula, and the PND tool was used for visual analysis. It should be noted that according to this formula, a score of 50 percent (reduction or increase in symptoms) is considered as success, scores between 25 and 49 percent as slight improvement, and finally less than 25 percent as failure of the intervention or treatment (Pooladi et al, 1401). Improvement Percentage= ×100 Results & Discussion The findings from the two tools, "Nama" and "Phonological Awareness", are presented and analyzed separately. Examining the effectiveness whit the "Nama" reading test The score of the "Nama" test is the sum of the scores of its three subtests, which were calculated nine times during the study, and then the percentage of improvement of each subject in three stages (end of intervention, end of follow-up, and overall percentage of improvement) was calculated based on the Blanchard and Squares formula. In the analysis of the "Nama" subtests, the highest effectiveness was related to the "Text Comprehension" subtest and the lowest effectiveness was related to the "Letter Symbol" subtest. The percentage of improvement in different stages is presented in Table 1. Table (1) Percentage of improvement of the "Nama" test Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Improvement End of Intervention 31/9 36/9 33/3 30/8 Improvement End of Follow-Up 13/2 28/4 32/4 16/1 Overall Percentage of Improvement 34/7 41/8 43/2 39/4 According to Table (1), the effectiveness of the program in all subjects in the Nama test was successful, considering the overall improvement percentage above 25%. Their effectiveness is considered low considering the overall improvement percentage (between 25 and 49%). Visual analysis of the "Nama" test in three evaluable situations showed that in all of those situations, POD was minimal, and PND reached 100. So the intervention and follow-up can be considered effective with a high probability. Examining the effectiveness with the "Phonological awareness" test The score of the "phonological awareness" test is the sum of the scores of its ten subtests, which were calculated 9 times during the study, and then the percentage of improvement of each subject in three stages (end of intervention, end of follow-up, and overall percentage of improvement) was calculated based on the Blanchard and Squares formula. In the analysis of the phonological awareness test, the highest effectiveness was in the "intermediate phoneme deletion" subtest and the lowest effectiveness was in the "phoneme combination" subtest. The percentage of improvement in different stages is presented in Table 2. Table (2) Percentage of improvement in the "Phonological Awareness" test Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Improvement End of Intervention 30/8 33/3 36/9 31/9 Improvement End of Follow-Up 16/1 32/4 28/4 13/2 Overall Percentage of Improvement 39/4 43/2 41/8 34/7 According to Table (2), the effectiveness of the program in all subjects in the phonological awareness test was successful, with an overall improvement percentage of over 25%. The effectiveness in the second subject (50%) was considered good and in the other subjects (between 25 and 49%) was considered low. Visual analysis of the "phonological awareness" test in three evaluable situations showed that in all of those situations, POD is at its lowest and PND is 100. So the intervention and follow-up can be considered effective with a high probability. Conclusion This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a phonological educational program on reading skills and phonological awareness of hearing-impaired students who use hearing aids. The results of this study showed that the use of this educational program, which is based on phonological teachings and the training of suprasegmental features, has improved the reading skills and phonological awareness of hearing-impaired students, especially their reading comprehension. Phonological awareness has been identified as an important predictor of reading and writing development. Some phonological awareness skills such as “syllabic segmentation” or “rhyme awareness” which are acquired earlier tend to have lower predictive power, and another group of phonological awareness skills such as “phonemic segmentation” and “phonological manipulation” that are acquired later have higher predictive power. In a long-term study of rhyme awareness and its relationship to reading and writing development, it was observed that “rhyme sensitivity and awareness” is a necessary prerequisite for the skill of “phonological segmentation.” The skill of “phonological segmentation” also plays the most important role in learning to read (Dastajerdi Kazemi and Soleimani, 2006). In the present study, the scores obtained by all subjects at the baseline stages and before the intervention in the “phonological segmentation” subtest were low, and after receiving the training program, an upward trend in scores was observed. آگاهی واجی بر رشد مهارت خواندن مؤثر است ولی کودکان کم‌شنوا از دسترسی به اطلاعات شنیداری که امکان توسعه آگاهی واجی را فراهم می‌کند، محروم هستند. پژوهشها نشان میدهند که با وجود اقدامات تشخیص و توانبخشی زودهنگام کم‌شنوایی، این گروه با ورود به دبستان، عملکرد ضعیف‌تری نسبت به همسالان شنوای خود در بعضی از جنبه‌های یادگیری و درک خواندن دارند. پژوهش حاضر در پی بررسی تأثیر آموزه‌های آوایی- واجی بر مهارت‌های خواندن و آگاهی واج‌شناختی این گروه از کودکان میباشد و از نوع پژوهش تک‌آزمودنی A-B با دوره پیگیری یک‌ماهه است. برنامه آموزشیِ آوایی- واجی حاوی آموزه‌های زنجیری و زبرزنجیری گفتار در 13جلسه تدوین شد و برای 4 آزمودنی شرکت‌کننده در این پژوهش، به صورت انفرادی اجرا گردید. آزمون خواندن نما و آزمون آگاهی واج‌شناختی ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری این پژوهش بودند. تعیین اثربخشی از طریق توصیفی و محاسبه درصد بهبودی در هر یک از آزمودنی‌ها بود. نمرات آزمون نما و آزمون آگاهی واج‌شناختی همه آزمودنی‌ها نسبت به خط پایه، سیر صعودی داشته است. بهبود هر چهار آزمودنی در آزمون‌های یادشده، با توجه به درصد کلی بهبودی (در بازه‌ی ۲۵ تا ۴۹ درصد)، موفقیت‌آمیز ارزیابی شده است. همچنین در مرحلۀ پیگیری نیز ثبات مداخله حفظ شده بود. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، آموزش هم‌زمان ویژگی‌های زنجیری و زبرزنجیری گفتار تأثیر مثبتی بر مهارت‌های خواندن و آگاهی واج‌شناختی کودکان کم‌شنوا دارد. لذا ضرورت توجه به نتایج این نوع پژوهش‌ها در تدوین برنامه جامع برای آموزش ناشنوایان کارآمد می‌باشد.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8181_dc38fe66c38e50f81decb767bfcfba2e.pdf

دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 Analysis of the Types of Complete Reduplication Processes in Sarhaddi Balochi Dialect in Optimality Theory Framework تحلیل انواع فرایندهای دوگان‌سازی کامل در گویش بلوچی سرحدی در چارچوب نظریة بهینگی 55 86 8230 10.22099/jill.2025.53525.1433 FA طاهره عزت آبادی پور گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. عباسعلی آهنگر گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. عالیه کرد‌عفرانلو‌کامبوزیا گروه زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. سید فرید خلیفه لو گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. Journal Article 2025 07 19 Introduction Balochi is a language from the Northwestern branch of the Iranian languages (Indo-European family) (Jahani, 2001: 23). This language is divided into two main dialects: Eastern and Western (Elfenbein, 1989: 359-360). According to Jahani and Korn (2009: 637), the Western dialect (Rakshani Balochi) includes the Sarhaddi variety and is spoken in various regions, including Merv in Turkmenistan, small areas of Khorasan in eastern Iran, Golestan, Sistan in southern Iran, northern parts of Balochistan around Zahedan and Khash, as well as in southern Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan. Optimality Theory, proposed by Prince and Smolensky (1993/2004), provides a suitable framework for analyzing the phonological and syllabic complexities of Sarhaddi Balochi dialect. McCarthy (2008: 13) believes that Optimality Theory emphasizes the interaction of constraints in language production and perception and categorizes the constraints into two groups: markedness and faithfulness. This theory has been particularly applied in related studies on reduplication (Katamba and Stonham, 2006: 213). Wilbur (1973) defines reduplication as a morphological rule related to the phonological aspects of language. Marantz (1982) refers to it as affixation and identifies complete and partial reduplication as two forms of copying. Each type of reduplication has its own subcategories. In this regard, complete reduplication can be divided into three subtypes: augmented, non-augmented, and echoic. To analyze the reduplication process, McCarthy and Prince (1995) proposed the Correspondence Theory within the framework of Optimality Theory. In the Correspondence Theory, three main faithfulness constraints for reduplication including Maximality Input-Output (MAX I-O), Dependency Input-Output (DEP I-O), and Identity Input-Output Feature (IDENT I-O (F)) have been introduced by McCarthy and Prince (1995: 16) and Kager (2004: 205). Materials & Methods This study employs the Correspondence Theory of Optimality Theory to identify and rank the universal constraints governing reduplication and to explain its structural nature in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect. Additionally, this research aims to address key questions, including the types of complete reduplication processes in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect and how these processes can be explained based on the principles and constraints of the Correspondence Theory of Optimality Theory. To fulfill this descriptive-analytical research, the linguistic data comprising 112 reduplicated words with diverse syllabic structures were collected from 10 speakers (6 men and 4 women, aged 60–75, with low literacy) in villages of Khash county. The data were gathered through free speech recordings (stories, proverbs, interviews) and library resources, particularly Jamalzehi (2011). The data were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and analyzed in tableaux to determine the constraints and their ranking. Some studies have been conducted on reduplication in Iranian languages by Allahyari and Razinezhad (2016), Heidari (2016), Tafaroji Yeganeh and Jahanfar (2017), Rahmatinezhad et al. (2019), and Sayyad and Kord-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2021). However, regarding reduplication in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect, only Jamalzehi (2011) and Karimi Dadkan (2012) have provided synchronic descriptions of instances of this process. Therefore, a theory-based research in this area appears necessary. Results & Discussion This section analyzes various types of complete reduplication in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect, including: Complete Non-Augmented Reduplication, Complete Augmented Reduplication, which comprises Complete Medial Augmented Reduplication with interfixes such as [-ɑ-], [-pa-], [-be-], [-ke-], and [-ta-], Complete Final Augmented Reduplication with suffixes like [-iǝn], [-ok], and [-agɑ], as well as Complete Echoic Reduplication, in turn, divided into two subtypes: Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication with the initial consonant or base vowel change with the insertion of conjunctive [o], and Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication with the initial consonant or base vowel change without the insertion of conjunctive [o]. These processes are analyzed with a focus on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness constraints. At first, Complete Non-Augmented Reduplication, such as [send.-send] "separated, separated", involves the full repetition of the base word. Key constraints in this process include (MAX I-O), (MAX B-R), (DEP I-O), (DEP B-R), and (NO CODA). The optimal candidate is [send.-send], as it only violates (NO CODA) without any fatal violations. In Complete Medial Augmented Reduplication, such as [ʈuh.-ɑ.-ʈuh] "the largest," an interfix like [-ɑ-] is inserted between the base and the reduplicant. This process is governed by constraints such as (MAX I-O), (DEP I-O), (DEP B-R), (ONSET), and (ALIGN-R (B-σ)). The optimal candidate is [ʈu.hɑ.-ʈuh], as it only violates (ALIGN-R (B-σ)) and (NO CODA) constraints. In Complete Final Augmented Reduplication, such as [narm.-narm.-ok] "slowly, slowly", a suffix like [-ok] is added to the reduplicate. Key constraints include (MAX I-O), (DEP B-R), (ONSET), and (ALIGN-R (B-σ)). The optimal candidate is [narm.-nar.m-ok], as it only violates (NO CODA) and (ALIGN-R (B-σ)). The Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication with initial consonant change is divided into two subtypes: First, the initial consonant change and with the insertion of conjunctive [o], such as [lirtʃ.-o.-pirtʃ] "badly crushed", which involves constraints (MAX I-O), (DEP B-R), (ONSET), and (ALIGN-R (B-σ)), and the optimal candidate is [lirtʃo.-pirtʃ], as it only violates (ALIGN-R (B-σ)) and (NO CODA). Second, the initial consonant change and without the insertion of conjunctive [o], such as [pas.-mas] "sheep and the like", which involves constraints like (MAX I-O), (*Cor), (*Lab), and (MAX B-R). The optimal candidate is [pas.-mas], as it only violates (*Lab). Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication with the base vowel change is classified into two types: in the type with the base vowel change and with the insertion of conjunctive [o] such as [ʃarr.-o.-ʃerr] "good and bad", constraints like (MAX B-R), (IDENT B-R (back)), (IDENT B-R (high)), and (ONSET) are involved and the optimal candidate is [ʃar.ro.-ʃerr], as it only violates (NO CODA) and (IDENT B-R (high)). But in type with the base vowel change and without the insertion of the conjunctive [o], such as [ʤɑk.-ʤik] "shouting and crying," constraints like (MAX B-R), (DEP B-R), (IDENT B-R (back)), and (IDENT B-R (high)) apply and the optimal candidate is [ʤɑk.-ʤik], as it only violates (NO CODA), (IDENT B-R (back)), and (IDENT B-R (high)). In all these processes, faithfulness and markedness constraints play a decisive role in selecting the optimal candidate. Conclusion The present study analyzed 112 reduplicates in Sarhaddi Balochi dialect, identifying three types of complete reduplication consisting of: non-augmented, augmented, and echoic. The data analysis demonstrated that each type of complete reduplication has its own specific constraints and ranking. In Complete Non-Augmented Reduplication, faithfulness constraints (MAX and DEP) and the markedness constraint (NO CODA) play a significant role. In Complete Medial Augmented Reduplication with the interfix [-ɑ-], constraints such as (MAX I-O), (DEP I-O), (DEP B-R) and (ONSET) have higher priority. For Complete Medial Augmented Reduplication with interfixes [-pa-], [-be-], [-ke-], and [-ta-], the constraint ranking is: MAX I-O; MAX B-R >> IDENT(F) B-R >> NO CODA. In Complete Final Augmented Reduplication, the constraint ranking is: MAX B-R; DEP B-R >> ONSET >> IDENT(F) B-R>> NO CODA. In types of Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication, the constraint ranking varies depending on the insertion or non-insertion of the conjunctive [o] and the initial consonant or base vowel change. In the type with the initial consonant change and the insertion of conjunctive [o], constraints like (MAX I-O) and (ONSET) have higher priority, while in the type with the initial consonant change and without the insertion of the conjunctive [o], constraints such as (*Cor) and (MAX B-R) are more prominent. In Suffixal Complete Echoic Reduplication with the base vowel change, both types emphasize faithfulness constraints (MAX B-R) and markedness constraints (IDENT B-R). فرآیند دوگان‌سازی عنوان یکی از فرایندهای واژه‌سازی متداول در زبان‌ها در حوزۀ صرف به شمار می‌رود. این فرایند در نظریه‌های مختلفی از جمله نظریة بهینگی تحلیل شده است. پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل انواع فرایندهای دوگان‌سازی کامل در گویش بلوچی سرحدی براساس گونة معیار نظریة بهینگی، که به نظریة تناظر مشهور است، می‌پردازد. برای این منظور، ۱۰ نفر از گویشوران کم‌سواد، شامل ۶ مرد و ۴ زن، در بازۀ سنی ۶۰ تا ۷۵ سال، به‌طور تصادفی از روستاهای شهرستان خاش انتخاب شدند. داده‌های زبانی شامل 112 دوگان‌ساخت با ساخت‌های هجایی شامل VC, CV, CVC, CVCV, CVCC, CCVC, CCVCC, CVCVCC, CVCVC, و VCVCبودند که از طریق مصاحبه با گویشوران بومی و منابع کتابخانه‌ای موجود در مورد گویش بلوچی سرحدی جمع‌آوری گردیدند. سپس دوگان‌ساخت‌های شناسایی شده براساس نوع فرایندی که در نتیجة ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‌ﻫﺎی پایایی و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪاری صورت می‌گیرد، رتبه‌بندی شده و در تابلوهای بهینگی نمایش داده شده‌اند. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فرآیند دوگان‌سازی کامل در این گویش در قالب دوگان‌سازی کامل ناافزوده، افزوده و پژواکی تحقق می‌یابد. دوگان‌سازی کامل افزوده، به نوبۀ خود، به صورت دوگان‌سازی کامل افزودۀ میانی با واکۀ بیناوند [-ɑ-]، دوگان‌سازی کامل افزودۀ میانی با بیناوندهای[-pa-] ،[-be-]، [-ke-] و [-ta-]، دوگان‌سازی کامل افزودۀ پایانی همراه با پسوندهای [-iǝn]،[-ok] و [-agɑ] است. دوگانسازی کامل پژواکی نیز فقط به صورت پسوندی و در قالب دوگان‌سازی کامل پژواکی پسوندی همراه با تغییر همخوان آغازی یا واکة پایه با درج حرف ربط [o] و دوگانسازی کامل پژواکی پسوندی همراه با تغییر همخوان آغازی یا واکة پایه بدون درج حرف ربط [o] کاربرد دارد.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8230_866ff2c92588c773877e3882411bc174.pdf

دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 Verbal Hygiene and Language Peevers: Analyzing the Discourse of Linguistic Prescriptivism in Iran with Emphasis on Editorial Policies بهداشت زبانی و وسواس‎‌های زبانی: بررسی گفتمان تجویزگرایی در ایران با تأکید بر سیاست‌های نگارشی 87 104 8311 10.22099/jill.2025.53370.1428 FA عادل محمدی پژهشگر زبانکده ملی، تهران، ایران. هیوا ویسی گروه زبان انگلیسی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. Journal Article 2025 05 31 Introduction In contemporary Iran, linguistic prescriptivism has emerged as a dominant approach in language policy and social interactions. This perspective views language as a set of fixed and immutable rules that must be protected against the natural changes and dynamism inherent to language. This study focuses on three main areas lexical purism, mandatory orthography, and script reform to analyze the discourse of prescriptivism. Lexical purism seeks to purge foreign loanwords from the language and replace them with “pure Persian” equivalents. Mandatory orthography emphasizes the imposition of rigid spelling rules, often restricting linguistic creativity. Script reform, meanwhile, has implications beyond the linguistic sphere, encompassing cultural and historical effects. Employing the theoretical frameworks of “language hygiene” (Cameron, 2012) and “linguistic superstition” (Pinker, 2014), this research demonstrates that prescriptivist discourse is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but also reflects cultural and ideological dominance in contemporary Iranian society. Materials & Methods This qualitative study is designed within the frameworks of critical discourse analysis and sociolinguistics. Data were collected from three main sources: the official rulings of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature as the authority on standard language, editorial guidelines from scientific journals, and user interactions on the social media platform Telegram. The data span from 2016 to 2025 and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis alongside descriptive statistics. Prior research indicates that most Iranian studies on prescriptivism have not adopted a descriptive lens and have largely served to reinforce norm-centric approaches. The works of Cameron (2012) and Pinker (2014) were particularly inspirational, revealing that language rules often originate from social and political ideologies. This study aims to critique extreme and inflexible approaches in language policies while emphasizing the status of language as a dynamic and social phenomenon. It seeks to demonstrate that prescriptivism in contemporary Iran not only imposes linguistic restrictions but also functions as a tool for reproducing power structures and marginalizing non-standard varieties of Persian. Results & Discussion Findings indicate that in contemporary Iran, three principal domains of linguistic prescriptivism are prominently observed. In the area of lexical purism, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, as an official institution, endeavors to eliminate and replace loanwords with “pure Persian” equivalents. This policy, motivated by nationalist aims and the preservation of “linguistic purity,” faces significant challenges because borrowing is a global linguistic phenomenon and a sign of language vitality and enrichment. Regarding mandatory orthography, scientific journals and some editors enforce rigid rules, homogenizing writing styles and suppressing the linguistic creativity of authors and researchers. Editorial guidelines demonstrate a strict approach that labels any deviation from the standard language as “error,” leading to the elimination of individual stylistic variations. Contrary to descriptive linguistics recommendations, these prescriptions reproduce a symbolic and ideological order rather than reflecting linguistic realities. Script reform, as the third focus, encompasses broader dimensions and is often intertwined with religious, political, and cultural factors. Although seemingly technical, script reform carries deep cultural and historical consequences because script acts as a bridge between generations, and any abrupt changes risk causing identity ruptures. Analysis of social media user interactions reveals that prescriptive and purist attitudes are vigorously upheld even in informal settings. This shows that prescriptivism is not confined to official and academic domains but permeates multiple layers of society. Ultimately, discourse analysis of the data reveals that linguistic prescriptivism in contemporary Iran extends beyond a mere linguistic concern, contributing to the reproduction of symbolic power, consolidation of monolingual ideology, and erasure of linguistic diversity. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the discourse of linguistic prescriptivism in contemporary Iran, focusing on three main domains, functions as a tool for consolidating power and establishing symbolic order. Lexical purism, mandatory orthography, and script reform each operates under different motivations but ultimately aim to standardize language and eliminate linguistic diversity. The data analysis results indicate that prescriptivism is not simply a linguistic issue but also reflects broader social and cultural layers, serving as a crucial instrument for reproducing power structures. By critiquing these approaches, this research emphasizes the need for descriptive and flexible perspectives in language policy-making. Language is a dynamic and social phenomenon that must respond to societal needs and transformations. Ultimately, this study suggests that language policymakers should move away from imposing rigid, norm-based rules and instead recognize linguistic diversity and dynamism as valuable social and cultural capital, distancing themselves from monolingual and exclusionary policies. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی گفتمان تجویزگرایی زبانی با محوریت سه حوزۀ اصلی سره‌گرایی واژگانی، درست‌نویسی اجباری و اصلاح خط در ایران معاصر انجام شده است. تجویزگرایی، به‌عنوان رویکردی تلقی میشود که بر حفظ صورت‌های زبانی به‌عنوان «گونۀ صحیح و معیار» و حذف گونه‌های دیگر به‌عنوان «گونۀ غلط و غیرمعیار» تأکید دارد. روش پژوهش به‌صورت کیفی-کمی است که در چهارچوب زبانشناسی اجتماعی و تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی «بهداشت زبانی» و «وسواس زبانی» را بررسی می‌کند. داده‌ها از مصوبات فرهنگستان زبان، شبکه‌های اجتماعی تلگرام و راهنمای نگارشی نشریات علمی در بازۀ زمانی (1404-1395) گردآوری شده‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که گفتمان تجویزگرایی در ایران بیشتر از آنکه بر پایۀ اصول علمی و زبان‌شناسانه استوار باشد، در پی بازتولید ایدئولوژی غالب زبان معیار است که با رویکرد یکسان‌سازی زبانی، تنها به نگارش یک گونۀ زبانی به اصطلاح معیار در زبان فارسی مشروعیت می‌بخشد. در پایان تأکید می‌شود که پژوهش حاضر منتقد رویکردهای تجویزی به‌صورت قواعد سخت‌گیرانه و ایدئولوژیک در زبان (نه نفی قراردادهای زبانی در رسم‌الخط) است؛ بنابراین، پژوهش با نقد تجویزگرایی، بر لزوم پذیرش تنوع زبانی، رواداری و انعطاف‌پذیری در سیاست‌های زبانی تأکید می‌کند.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8311_cd5ff99a7d2834682990dc3e8725051c.pdf

دانشگاه شیراز زبان‌شناسی و گویش‌های ایرانی 2538-3574 10 1 2025 05 22 Typological study of possessive construction in Genavehei بررسی رده‌شناختی ساخت ملکی در گناوه‌ای 105 121 8315 10.22099/jill.2025.53665.1440 FA مرضیه افشاری گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی زند شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0003-1259-4486 ملیحه افهمی گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی زند شیراز، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2025 08 16 Introduction There have always been concepts of possession, possessee, possessor and so on in human life which are part of every culture’s language. The relationship between possessor and possessee is a universal concept that is abstract and can be realized and perceived by all language users. Our survey focused on possessive construction in the Genavehei variety according to Croft (2003) before determining whether it is alienable or inalienable based on Lichtenberg (2005). Genavehei is a variety that has not been widely researched. This port is 156 Km away from Boushehr and is located in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Matrials and Methods Sharifi (2009) studied possessive construction based on Croft (2003). She believes that the main strategy employed in Farsi is Linker and the Persian language rank is somewhere between Compound and Agglutinative languages. Therefore, the main sentence construction of possession in Persian is possesses- possessor. Sharifi and Sabouri (2019) studied possessive strategies based on Croft (2003) in Gilaki, Semnani, Lori, Bakhtiari kohrange, Balouchi, Horami and Kurdi Jafi’s dialects. This survey is data- based and has used content analysis. The study group consisted of 10 women and 11 men between the ages of 30 and 60. Among the participants 5 women and 5 men were talking Sarkhouri and 5 women and 6 men were talking Southern Luri. Two types of data were gathered: 1) the native speakers were asked to narrate their personal memory. 2) The native speakers were required to use possessive expressions. Ultimately, the recorded voices were analyzed based on Croft (2003) and Lichtenberg (2005) framework. The purpose of current study is to find appropriate answers to two questions: First, What is the typological rank of possessive construction according to Croft (2003) framework? Second, does this variety benefit from the distinction between alienable or inalienable? Results & Discussion The strategy of possessive construction in words which end in a consonant in Southern Lori is juxtaposition and in Sarkhouri is concatenation as well as the word order is possesses – possessor. If the possesses end in vowel, based on the vowel, in both varieties we face with four categories. 1) The combination which in both varieties end in /h/ phoneme. In any case, the /h/ phoneme is deleted from the end of possesses and /y/ is replaced. As a result, possesses and possessor stay next to each other without any linkers. About the words which end in /ah/, both /a/ and /h/ phoneme are deleted and /y/ is replaced. As mentioned in previous case, both possesses and possessor use juxtaposition strategy and without any linker next to each other. 2) When those words with the last sound of /a/ are combined, they turn into one of the combined sounds /aɪ/, /eɪ/ and /oɪ/ while in normal cases, they end in /a/ sound. In this situation, there is no linker anymore and the word order of possesse- possessor comes from juxtaposition. 3) Those words which end in /o/ or /ou/ sounds, in Southern Lori benefit from juxtaposition strategy however, in Sarkhouri these combinations attached to each other by a mediator phoneme /y/. 4) The word order in Southern Lori for words which end in /æ/ and /eɪ/ vowels, is possesses- possessor and they benefit from juxtaposition while in the other varieties both possesses and possessor are attached by a linker. In these two varieties, there are no specific morphological differences at the end of possesses. In both varieties, “mal” is also used in two different meanings. The first one is exactly the same as Persian language the second one is about an area or neighborhood that is owned by someone. In this case, none of the varieties use linkers. Furthermore, both varieties use affixation. Possesses can be added to possessor by conjunctive pronoun as well as disjunctive pronoun. In both situations the word order is possesses- possessor. With regards to the two concepts of alienable and inalienable, it should be said that in both varieties we can have alienable possessive constructions and inalienable possessive constructions. According to Lichtenberg (2005), there is no alternation between possessive structure in being alienable or inalienable. Conclusion The strategy of possessive construction in words which end in consonant in Southern Lori is juxtaposition and in Sarkhouri is concatenation as well as the word order is possesses – possessor. If the possesses end in vowel, based on the vowel, in both varieties we face with 4 categories. 1) The combination which in both varieties end in /h/ and /ah/ phoneme. In any case, the /h/ phoneme and /ah/ phoneme are deleted from the end of possesses and /y/ is replaced. As a result, possesses and possessor stay next to each other without any linkers. 2) Those words whose final sound is /a/, when they come in a combination, they change into one of the compund sounds /aɪ/, /eɪ/ and /oɪ/. In this situation the word order of possesses- possessor comes from juxtaposition. . 3) Those words which end in /o/ or /ou/ sounds, in Southern Lori benefit from juxtaposition strategy however, in Sarkhouri these combinations are attached to each other by a mediator phoneme /y/. 4) The word order in Southern Lori for words which end in /æ/ and /eɪ/ vowels, is possesses- possessor and they benefit from juxtaposition and in Sarkhouri both possesses and possessor are attached by a linker. Finally, it can be concluded that in both varieties we can have alienable possessive constructions and inalienable possessive constructions. According to Lichtenberg (2005), there is no alternation between possessive structure in being alienable or inalienable. با توجه به کمبود پژوهش‌های پیشین دربارۀ گونۀ گناوه‌ای، این مطالعه به بررسی راهبردهای ملکی‌سازی در این گونه زبانی، که یکی از گونه‌های رایج در استان بوشهر است، می‌پردازد. در منطقه گناوه دو گونه زبانی رایج است: گونۀ نخست، لری جنوبی شاخه گناوه‌ای است که به طایفۀ لرهای حیات‌داوودی خرم‌آباد بازمی‌گردد؛ و گونۀ دوم، سرخوری نام دارد که منشأ آن به گویش‌های بوشهری می‌رسد. هدف این پژوهش، تعیین نوع ساخت ملکی در این دو گونه و بررسی تعلقی یا غیرتعلقی بودن آن‌هاست. برای گردآوری داده‌ها، از ۲۱ گویشور (۱۰ نفر از گونه سرخوری و ۱۱ نفر از گونه لری گناوه‌ای) خواسته شد ابتدا خاطره‌ای تعریف کنند تا داده‌های زبانی طبیعی و بدون آگاهی قبلی از ساخت ملکی فراهم شود. سپس از آن‌ها خواسته شد عباراتی با ساخت ملکی تولید کنند. در ادامه، پس از ارائۀ توضیحاتی درباره ساخت ملکی، داده‌ها گردآوری و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که در هر دو گونه زبانی مورد بررسی، از راهبردهای مجاورت، پیونده و وندافزایی برای بیان مالکیت استفاده می‌شود و تمایز روشنی میان ساخت‌های تعلقی و غیرتعلقی در این گویش‌ها مشاهده نمی‌شود.

https://jlil.shirazu.ac.ir/article_8315_6eb09ff721d4d6737a5c8f43b236f426.pdf